PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian			100.5
																Middle Albian			106.2 *
																Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian														Late Aptian			113
		Aptian														Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian			139.8
																Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian														Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian														Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian														Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Late Toarcian			174.7
																Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
																Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian														Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian														Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian														Sevatian			208.5
																Alaunian			213.2 *
																Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian														Tuvalian			227
		Carnian														Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														Longobardian			237
		Ladinian														Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian														Illyrian			242
																Pelsonian			243.8 *
																Bithynian			244.7 *
																Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian													Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian														Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan														Dienerian			251.2
		Induan														Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian																254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian																259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian																264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian																266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian																	293.52
		Asselian											Kuzel						297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											Kuzel					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
													Stephanian	Stephanian C					300.3 *
														Stephanian B					300.9 *
														Stephanian A					301.4 *
		Kasimovian		303.7										Stephanian A
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian	467.3
		Dapingian	Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian					Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
											Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
												Aksaian					490.7 *
												Sakian					492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Ayusokkanian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian										Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan										Amgan/Solvan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Waucoban †	509
												Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
												Toyonian			Dyeran		511 *
												Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3															514
															Montezuman		514.8 *
					Atdabanian								515.6 *		Montezuman
					Atdabanian								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian	521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
																			538.8