PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of China			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Siberia			Devonian Subages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean											Yushean	3.6
		Zanclean											Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian											Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian											Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian											Shanwangian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Xiejiaan	16.9
		Aquitanian											Xiejiaan	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian											259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian											264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian												283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7								Late Pennsylvanian
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian		358.9
				Middle Famennian		365.3 *
				Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian		372.2
				Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
				Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko		Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Chotec		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Chotec		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian			477.7
									Lianghekou †	477.9 *
									Lianghekou †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian			489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan								Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Amgan/Solvan			509
										Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
										Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian			514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian			521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian	Manykaian †							Nemakit-Daldynian	529
														538.8