PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America	Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian															Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian																				41.2
		Ypresian																Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Gashatan					56
		Selandian																				59.2
		Danian																				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																				145
		Kimmeridgian																				149.2
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian																				168.2
		Aalenian																				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																				174.7
		Pliensbachian																				184.2
		Sinemurian																				192.9
		Hettangian																				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																				201.4
		Norian																				208.5
		Carnian																				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian																			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian																			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian																			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian																			259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian																			264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian																			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																				273.01
		Artinskian																				283.5
		Sakmarian																				290.1
		Asselian																		Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																		Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian																		Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian																		Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian																		Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian																		Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian																		Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian																		Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian																		Chesterian		323.2
		Visean																		Chesterian		330.9
																				Meramecian		335.8 *
																				Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian																		Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian																		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian																			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian																			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian																			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian		Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani		433.4
		Telychian		Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill		Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan			Pirgu	445.2
						Cautleyan				448.9 *
						Pusgillian				449.3 *
				Caradoc		Streffordian			Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
						Cheneyan				Rakvere		451.5 *
						Cheneyan				Oandu		452 *
						Burrellian				Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
									Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
									Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
									Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †				455.2 *
										Kukruse			456.4 *
						Aurelucian							456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Uhaku			458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Aseri			461.3 *
								Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
			Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka			467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
				Arenig		Fennian							468.4 *
			Billingen										469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
						Whitlandian							471.1 *
			Hunneberg			Whitlandian							473.7 *
						Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc		Migneintian							477.7
						Cressagian							480.8 *
			Varangu										481.3 *
			Pakerort										482.2 *
													Mansian †	483.55 *
													Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
																		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Jiangshanian				489.5
										Aksaian									490.7 *
										Sakian									492.2 *
																		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Paibian				494
					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian									494.7 *
					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian									Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian									Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian									Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan									Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Duyunian			Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian					Lenian †								510 *
					Toyonian											Dyeran		511 *
					Botomian													512.5 *
		Stage 3												Nangaoian				514
																Montezuman		514.8 *
					Atdabanian											Montezuman		515.6 *
					Atdabanian											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian		Meishucunian							521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian								Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian			Manykaian †				530.7
																						538.8