PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128235 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Permian of the Salt Range	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mesozoic Subages
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian		100.5
											Middle Albian		106.2 *
											Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian		113
		Aptian									Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian		139.8
											Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
											Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras					Late Bajocian		168.2
						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Late Bajocian		168.4
						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					Late Toarcian		174.7
						Planulata							179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
											Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Kanense							181.3 *
						Carlottense							182.3 *
						Carlottense					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
						Kunae					Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
						Freboldi							185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
		Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian									Sevatian		208.5
											Alaunian		213.2 *
											Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian									Tuvalian		227
		Carnian									Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Longobardian		237
		Ladinian									Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian									Illyrian		242
											Pelsonian		243.8 *
											Bithynian		244.7 *
											Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian								Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian									Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan									Dienerian		251.2
											Griesbachian		251.4 *
					Kathwai						Griesbachian		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai					Melekhovian			251.902
					252.4 *
				Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Chhidru	254.14
				Kalabagh	255 *
				Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
					Noginskian				264.9 *
									265.3 *
				Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Amb					266.9
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
		Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian				283.5
		Artinskian			Rusavkinian				287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian					303.7
					Khamovnikian					304.8
					Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
					Podolskian					308.9 *
					Kashirian					311.4 *
					Vereian					313.8
					Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
					Cheremshanian					316.9 *
					Prikamian					318.6 *
					Severokeltmian					319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
					Voznesenian					321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian				Late Mississippian	323.2
					Protvian					324.4 *
					Steshevian					326.8 *
					Tarusian					329 *
		Visean			Venevian				Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Mikhailovian					331.9 *
					Aleksinian					333.7 *
					Tulian					335.8 *
					Bobrikian					339.9 *
					Radaevkian					343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian				Early Mississippian	346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
					Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
			Aksaian						490.7 *
			Sakian						492.2 *
								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian	Marjumian				Albertian †	497
			Ayusokkanian						Arcadian	498.4
										499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian	Topazan						504.5
				Topazan						505.3
				Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian							510 *
			Toyonian	Dyeran						511 *
			Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3								514
				Montezuman						514.8 *
			Atdabanian							515.6 *
								Placentian		517.1
				Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
													538.8