PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian of Eastern North America		Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian								Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian						100.5
								Middle Albian						106.2 *
								Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian						113
		Aptian						Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian						139.8
								Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
								Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian						174.7
								Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
								Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian						Sevatian						208.5
								Alaunian						213.2 *
								Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian						227
		Carnian						Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian						237
		Ladinian						Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Chientangkiangian	445.2		Wufeng †
		Katian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian							Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian				485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8