PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian of Eastern North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian										Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
												Hemingfordian						16.3
												Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
												Whitneyan						29.5
												Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian						47.8
												Wasatchian						50.5
												Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian										Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian											Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Induan		251.2
		Induan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	251.902
					252.4 *
				Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Chhidru	254.14
				Kalabagh	255 *
				Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
					265.3 *
				Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
								Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
								Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
								Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian					443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian						449.7 *
		Sandbian												453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
								Dobrotivian								458.5 *
								Oretanian								459.7 *
													Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian											Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian								Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian														Batyrbaian	489.5
																Aksaian	490.7 *
																Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian														Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian														Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian															499.5
		Drumian														Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian														Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan														Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan															505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4															509
				Toyonian												510 *
			Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	521
																		525.5