PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian			MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16				Villanyian	2.58
					MN 16				Ruscinian	3.1 *
					MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15					3.6
					MN 14					4.2
					MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13				Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12					7.246
					MN 11					7.75
					MN 10				Vallesian	8.7
					MN 9					9.7
					MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian			MN 7 + 8				Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian			MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4				Orleanian	15.98
					MN 3				Orleanian	16.9
					MN 2				Agenian	20
		Aquitanian			MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								33.9
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Buntsandstein	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				Ohre/Aller	Midian		259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				Leine	Midian		264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Murgabian		266.2 *	Leine
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †			Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian		Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan				318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian				323.2
		Visean		Chesterian				330.9
				Meramecian				335.8 *
				Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean				346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
		Telychian			Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	509
		Stage 3						Branchian	514
		Stage 3						Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8