PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128255 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian Subages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of Western Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian												Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Gashatan			56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
						Planulata										179.3 *
						Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
						Kanense										181.3 *
						Carlottense										182.3 *
						Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae										184.2
						Freboldi										185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras									189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis									190.3 *
		Sinemurian														192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras								196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Dorashamian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian						Dzhulfian			Zechstein				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian						Midian			Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian						Midian							264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian						Murgabian							266.2 *
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						Murgabian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kubergandian							273.01
		Kungurian							Bolorian							279.8
		Artinskian							Bolorian			Autunian				283.5
		Artinskian							Yakhtashian							286
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †												298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian					358.9
					Middle Famennian					365.3 *
					Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian					372.2
					Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
					Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian					382.7
					Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian					390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian					393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian					398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian					410.8
					Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian								Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian								Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian								Xinchangian				477.7
		Tremadocian								Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan					485.4
		Stage 10								Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				489.5				Festiniogian
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids		497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
																538.8