PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of the Salt Range	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian							Castlecliffian				Middle Pleistocene	0.34
		Calabrian							Castlecliffian				Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian							Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian				Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian				Late Pliocene	3
		Zanclean							Waipipian				Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean							Opoitian				Early Pliocene	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean				Late Miocene	5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian							Tongaporutuan					7.246
		Tortonian						Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian							Waiauan				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian							Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian					13.82
									Clifdenian					15.1
								Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian							Altonian				Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian							Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Waitakian				Late Oligocene	23.03
									Duntroonian					25.2
									Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan								Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								Late Eocene	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan					34.6
									Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Kaiatan				Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian							Bortonian					41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
									Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian				Bumbanian			Heretaungan				Early Eocene	47.8
									Mangaorapan					48.9
									Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan				Teurian				Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian	Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian							Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
									Mangaotanean					90.5
									Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan					93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
									Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic		Motuan					100.5
									Urutawan					103.3
								Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian							Korangan					113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian							125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian	247.2
		Induan						251.2
		Induan						Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai		251.902
										252.4 *
								Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Chhidru		254.14
								Kalabagh		255 *
								Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
										265.3 *
								Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Amb		266.9
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian									Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian									Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
						Huashibanian					318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian	Late Mississippian				323.2
		Serpukhovian			Shangsian	Late Mississippian				330.8 *
		Visean			Shangsian	Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Visean			Jiusian	Middle Mississippian				335 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
														538.8