PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of France
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian						2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian						3
		Zanclean			Waipipian						3.6
		Zanclean			Opoitian						3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian			Tongaporutuan						7.246
		Tortonian		Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian			Waiauan						11.63
		Serravallian			Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian						13.82
					Clifdenian						15.1
				Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian			Altonian						15.98
		Burdigalian			Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian						23.03
					Duntroonian						25.2
					Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
				Arnold	Runangan						34.6
					Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian						41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
					Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan						47.8
					Mangaorapan						48.9
					Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian						56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian				Senonian		66
		Campanian			Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
					Mangaotanean						90.5
					Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan						93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
					Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan				Gallic		100.5
					Urutawan						103.3
				Taitai	Korangan						108.4
		Aptian			Korangan						113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Midian	264.28
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean		Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Pragian								Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
											419.2