PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian																Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean																Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian																Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian																Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian																Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian																Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian																Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian																Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	33.9
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Senonian				66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Gallic				100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian													Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan												145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan												149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan												150
							Heterian												154.5
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan												164.3
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan												176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan												184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran												188.9
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian												201.4
		Norian					Warepan												208.5
							Otamitan												217
							Oretian												221
		Carnian					Oretian												227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan												227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan												237
		Ladinian					Etalian												238
		Anisian					Etalian												242
		Anisian					Malakovian												246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian				Malakovian												247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian												249
		Induan					Nelsonian												251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan												251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan												251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian												253.2
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14			Waiitian
				Puruhauan	254.2
				Puruhauan	Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Severodvinian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Urzhumian			Barettian	266
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
					Irenian/Ufimian		Mangapirian	276
					Filipovian			276.5 *
					Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
					Sarginian		Telfordian	285
					Irginian			285.9 *
					Burtsevian			287.8 *
					Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
					Uskalykian			294.8
					Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
		Tremadocian										477.7
		Tremadocian										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian										Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian		489.5
												Aksaian					490.7 *
												Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian													Paibian		494
														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian										Mayan/Menevian			Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Amgan/Solvan			Duyunian		509
												Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
												Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3										Botomian			Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3										Atdabanian			Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									Meishucunian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian												525.5
		Fortunian											Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian										Jinnigian	Manykaian †		530.7
																			538.8