PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of China		Permian of Western Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian											0.129
				Calabrian											0.774
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Serravallian											11.63
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
				Bartonian											37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Ypresian											47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian				100.5
											Middle Albian				106.2 *
											Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian				113
				Aptian							Early Aptian				119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian				139.8
											Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
											Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
				Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
				Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
				Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
				Bajocian							Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
											Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
											Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
				Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
											Late Toarcian				180.1
											Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
											Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
											Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
				Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
				Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian							Sevatian				208.5
											Alaunian				213.2 *
Lacian					216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Vokhmian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian	251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
			Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Zechstein	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Zechstein	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Severodvinian		Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Urzhumian			264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian						Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian						Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian							Paibian		494
			Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Duyunian		509
Series 2		Stage 3	Nangaoian		514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian		720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		1000
		Ectasian		1200
		Calymmian		1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian		1600
		Orosirian		1800
		Rhyacian		2050
		Siderian		2300
Archean	Neoarchean			2500
	Mesoarchean			2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
															4600