PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Silurian of England		European Faunal Units	Permian Subages of Germany		Permian of North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †					Villanyian							2.58
		Piacenzian									Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean									Ruscinian							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Turolian							5.333
		Tortonian									Turolian							7.246
		Tortonian									Vallesian							8.7
		Serravallian									Astaracian							11.63
		Langhian									Astaracian							13.82
		Burdigalian									Orleanian							15.98
		Burdigalian									Agenian							20
		Aquitanian									Agenian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian														100.5
				Middle Albian														106.2 *
				Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian														113
		Aptian		Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian														139.8
				Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
				Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian														168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian														168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian														174.7
				Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
				Early Toarcian														182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian		Sevatian														208.5
				Alaunian														213.2 *
				Lacian														216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian														227
		Carnian		Julian														233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian														237
		Ladinian		Fassanian														239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian														242
				Pelsonian														243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Buntsandstein	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					Ohre/Aller	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					Leine	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian								Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan					Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian					Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian					Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian										Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian										Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian									Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
		Telychian											436.3 *
		Aeronian											438.5
		Aeronian									Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			440.8						Cowleigh Park
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian		443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian									Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian												453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
											Dobrotivian					458.5 *
											Oretanian					459.7 *
													Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian											Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian									Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														485.4
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian														Series 3 †	497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †										504.5
																		509