PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia			Precambrian of Russia	Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of Germany
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian								100.5
						Middle Albian								106.2 *
						Early Albian								109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian								113
				Aptian		Early Aptian								119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian								139.8
						Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
						Early Berriasian								142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian								168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian								168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian								174.7
						Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
						Early Toarcian								182.9 *
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian		Sevatian								208.5
						Alaunian								213.2 *
						Lacian								216.7 *
				Carnian		Tuvalian								227
				Carnian		Julian								233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian								237
				Ladinian		Fassanian								239.7 *
				Anisian		Illyrian								242
						Pelsonian								243.8 *
						Bithynian								244.7 *
						Aegean								245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	Spathian								247.2
				Olenekian		Smithian								248.9 *
				Induan		Dienerian								251.2
				Induan		Griesbachian								251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian									254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian									259.51
				Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian									264.28
				Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
				Artinskian										283.5
				Sakmarian										290.1
				Asselian										293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
				Kasimovian										303.7
				Moscovian										307
				Bashkirian										315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
Visean				330.9
Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian	Siegen				407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
			Tremadocian				477.7
			Tremadocian				Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian				489.5
							Aksaian				490.7 *
							Sakian				492.2 *
			Paibian								494
			Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian				497
			Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian				499.5
			Drumian				Mayan/Menevian				500.5
			Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Amgan/Solvan				509
							Toyonian		Lenian †		510 *
							Botomian				512.5 *
			Stage 3				Botomian				514
			Stage 3				Atdabanian				515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian				521
			Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
			Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian				1200						Yurmatian
		Ectasian				Burzyan						1375
														1400