PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Australia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian						100.5
				Middle Albian						106.2 *
				Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian						113
		Aptian		Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian						139.8
				Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
				Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian						174.7
				Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
				Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian		Sevatian						208.5
				Alaunian						213.2 *
				Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian						227
		Carnian		Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian						237
		Ladinian		Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian						242
				Pelsonian						243.8 *
				Bithynian						244.7 *
				Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian						251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian	445.2
								Eastonian	449 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian						Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian			467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian			470
					Bendigonian			471.8 *
					Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Warendian			482.8 *
										485.4