PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of the Baltic			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Silurian of England
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6											0
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Chibanian															0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian				Cenozoic 5											11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4											23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3											33.9
				Bartonian				Cenozoic 3											37.71
				Lutetian				Cenozoic 2											41.2
				Ypresian				Cenozoic 2											47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1											56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8											66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7											72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6											83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian		Cretaceous 4											100.5
						Middle Albian													106.2 *
						Early Albian													109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3											113
				Aptian		Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3											119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2											121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2											125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1											132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian													139.8
						Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
						Early Berriasian													142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6											145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6											146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5											149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4											165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian													168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian													168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian													174.7
						Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
						Early Toarcian													182.9 *
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2											184.2
				Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1											192.9
				Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4											201.4
				Norian		Sevatian													208.5
						Alaunian													213.2 *
						Lacian													216.7 *
				Carnian		Tuvalian		Triassic 3											227
				Carnian		Julian		Triassic 3											233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Vokhmian	Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian			251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		298.9
			Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5		303.7
			Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
			Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		323.2
			Visean			Carboniferous 2		330.9
			Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian			Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian			Devonian 1		Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1					433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian						Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5			Harju		Porkuni	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian				Pirgu				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Vormsi				Kralodvorian		449.6 *
							Vormsi				Berounian		449.7 *
							Nabala						Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
									Oandu					452 *
			Sandbian			Ordovician 4			Keila				Idavere †	453
									Haljala					453.9
									Haljala					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Kukruse							456.4 *
									Uhaku				Aluoja †			457.5 *
												Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3										458.4
											Dobrotivian					458.5 *
									Lasnamagi		Dobrotivian					458.9 *
									Lasnamagi		Oretanian					459.7 *
									Aseri							460.4 *
									Aseri			Sarka †				461.7 *
							Oeland		Kunda							462.9 *
									Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
									Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian			Ordovician 2						Klabava †					467.3
											Arenigian						468
									Billingen								469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian														470
													Latorp †				470.1 *
									Hunneberg								473.7 *
Tremadocian			Ordovician 1		Tremadocian				Hunneberg		477.7
									Varangu		481.3 *
									Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Pakerort		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
													486.3 *
							486.5
							Sunwaptan						487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan						489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean						493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Marjumian				Albertian †		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran				Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4					Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2				Dyeran						514
							Montezuman						514.8 *
							Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian					538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian						720
		Tonian						Karatau					800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						Karatau					1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian					1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian					1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan					1375
																			1400