PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene	15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene	23.03
					Monroecreekian					23.1 *
					Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian				Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Early Eocene	47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian				259.51
		Wordian	Midian				264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian				273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian				283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian				286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5	Jaagarahu
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian	509
		Stage 3					Branchian	514
		Stage 3					Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
										538.8