PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of England		Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian						Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		3.6
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
											Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
											Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian									Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene		15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Xiejiaan	16.9
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene		23.03
					Monroecreekian							23.1 *
					Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian					Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene		47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian				Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian				Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian				Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian	Midian				Leine	264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian				Leine	266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian					273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian					279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian					283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian					286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Bringewood/Elton	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas			427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran			514
						Montezuman			514.8 *
						Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
												538.8