PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian									Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian									Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian			Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian			Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian									Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian			Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian				7.246
										Vallesian				8.7
				Clarendonian						Vallesian				9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian						Astaracian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian								Orleanian			Early Miocene	15.98
				Hemingfordian										16.3
				Arikareean										18.5
										Agenian				20
		Aquitanian								Agenian				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
				Whitneyan										29.5
				Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian									Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean									Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian									Early Eocene	47.8
				Wasatchian										50.5
				Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian									Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian									Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian									Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian									Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian		Puercan									Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian									Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
											Kawhia	Ohauan		150
												Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi		Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian			Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	Dorashamian	Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	Dorashamian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	Dzhulfian		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian						264.28
							Noginskian	264.9 *
						Barettian		266
			Murgabian					266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian					273.01
						Mangapirian		276
							Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Bolorian					279.8
		Artinskian						283.5
						Telfordian		285
			Yakhtashian					286
							Rusavkinian	287.6 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian			303.7
				Khamovnikian			304.8
				Krevyakinian			305.8 *
				Krevyakinian				305.9
		Moscovian		Myachkovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
				Podolskian					308.9 *
				Kashirian					311.4 *
				Vereian					313.8
				Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
				Cheremshanian					316.9 *
				Prikamian					318.6 *
				Severokeltmian					319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
				Voznesenian					321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian				Late Mississippian	323.2
				Protvian					324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Tarusian					329 *
		Visean		Venevian				Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Mikhailovian					331.9 *
				Aleksinian					333.7 *
				Tulian					335.8 *
				Bobrikian					339.9 *
				Radaevkian					343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian				Early Mississippian	346.7
				Kizelian					350.7 *
				Cherepetian					351.9 *
				Karakubian					354.4 *
				Upinian					356.3 *
				Malevkian					357.6 *
				Gumerovian					358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10								Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids		497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
														538.8