PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Pamirs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian Subages of Germany	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene											0.129
				Calabrian		Early Pleistocene											0.774
				Gelasian		Early Pleistocene											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene										Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian		Late Pliocene										Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene										Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene										Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian												Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian												Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian		Middle Miocene										Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian		Middle Miocene										Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian		Early Miocene										Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian												Agenian	20
				Aquitanian												Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene											23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene											33.9
				Bartonian		Middle Eocene											37.71
				Lutetian		Middle Eocene											41.2
				Ypresian		Early Eocene											47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene											56
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene											59.2
				Danian		Early Paleocene											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
				Induan													251.2
				Induan										Kathwai			251.5 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian						Buntsandstein			Kathwai			251.902
																	252.4 *
														Chhidru			252.9 *
				Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian									Chhidru			254.14
														Kalabagh			255 *
														Wargal			256 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian						Ohre/Aller						259.51
				Wordian							Leine						264.28
																	265.3 *
Amb							266.1 *
					Murgabian		266.2 *
				Roadian				266.9
				Roadian				270.7 *
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian			273.01
				Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
				Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
				Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
				Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
				Asselian	Asselian			293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
				Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
				Kasimovian					305.9
				Moscovian					307
				Bashkirian					315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
				Visean					330.9
				Tournaisian					346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
				Pragian					407.6
				Lochkovian		410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
			Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
			Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
			Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
			Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
				Aeronian		438.5
				Rhuddanian		440.8
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
				Katian		445.2
				Sandbian		453
			Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
			Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
			Early Ordovician	Floian		470
				Tremadocian		Ungurian			477.7
				Tremadocian		Ungurian			Mansian †	483.55 *
		Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
				Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian			Batyrbaian			489.5
						Aksaian			Aksaian			490.7 *
						Sakian			Sakian			492.2 *
				Paibian								494
				Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
			Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian			Ayusokkanian			497
				Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			499.5
				Drumian		Zhanaarykian						500.5
				Drumian		Tuesaian						503
				Wuliuan		Tuesaian			Amgan/Solvan			504.5
				Wuliuan								505.3
			Series 2	Stage 4								509
						Toyonian			Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
	Botomian					Botomian			512.5 *
	Botomian			Stage 3		Botomian			514
	Atdabanian			Stage 3		Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian		Tommotian				521
			Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
			Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †	529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635