PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Pamirs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of North America						European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene														0.129
				Calabrian		Early Pleistocene														0.774
				Gelasian		Early Pleistocene														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene													Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian		Late Pliocene													Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene													Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene													Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian															Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian															Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian		Middle Miocene													Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian		Middle Miocene													Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian		Early Miocene													Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian															Agenian	20
				Aquitanian															Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene														33.9
				Bartonian		Middle Eocene														37.71
				Lutetian		Middle Eocene														41.2
				Ypresian		Early Eocene														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene														56
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene														59.2
				Danian		Early Paleocene														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
				Bajocian								Humphresianum								168.4
				Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense								174.7
											Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons									180.1
											Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum									182
				Pliensbachian							Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni									184.2
				Sinemurian							Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi									192.9
				Hettangian							Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian																208.5
				Carnian																227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian															251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian															254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian															259.51
				Wordian	Midian															264.28
				Wordian	Murgabian															266.2 *
				Roadian	Murgabian															266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian															273.01
Bolorian				Kungurian	279.8
Bolorian				Artinskian	283.5
Yakhtashian				Artinskian	286
Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian			Kralodvorian			Gamachian	Bohdalec †			445.2
						Kralodvorian			Richmondian				446 *
						Berounian			Richmondian				449.7 *
									Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian					450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian					453
									Turinian					453.7 *
									Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Whiterockian					Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Liben †							458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
						Dobrotivian											458.5 *
						Oretanian											459.7 *
										Sarka †							461.7 *
			Dapingian							Klabava †							467.3
						Arenigian											468
									Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	470
			Floian						Tulean								473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tremadocian			Tulean								477.7
									Stairsian								480.3 *
									Skullrockian		Demingian †					482 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian							485.4
			Stage 10													487.5
			Jiangshanian													489.5
			Paibian													494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian													497
			Drumian													500.5
	Wuliuan		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian															Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian															Karatau	1000
		Stenian															Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian															Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan													1375
																				1400