PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Silurian of England		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian							Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian							Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian							Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan		MN 17				1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian		MN 17				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian		MN 16				2.58
									Waipipian		MN 16				3
											MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean													3.6
									Opoitian						3.7
											MN 14				4.2
											MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian									MN 12				7.246
											MN 11				7.75
											MN 10				8.7
											MN 9				9.7
								Southland	Waiauan		MN 9				11.04
											MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian									MN 7 + 8				11.63
											MN 6				12.8 *
									Lillburnian		MN 6				13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian		MN 5				13.82
									Clifdenian						15.1
								Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian									MN 4				15.98
											MN 3				16.9
									Otaian		MN 3				18.7
											MN 2				20
		Aquitanian													20.44
								Landon	Waitakian						21.7
											MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
									Duntroonian						25.2
									Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
								Arnold	Runangan						34.6
									Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian							Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian							Bortonian						41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
									Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian							Heretaungan						47.8
									Mangaorapan						48.9
									Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian						56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian					Senonian	66
		Campanian							Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
									Mangaotanean						90.5
									Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian	93.9						Arowhanan
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	Dorashamian	251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	Dzhulfian	254.14
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian	259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
						Amb		266.1 *
							Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian						266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian					Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8					Cowleigh Park
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
					Aksaian							490.7 *
					Sakian							492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
					Ayusokkanian							Arcadian	498.4
					Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan					Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian			Lenian †					510 *
					Toyonian					Dyeran			511 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3											514
										Montezuman			514.8 *
					Atdabanian								515.6 *
											Placentian		517.1
						Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian					521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †		529
															538.8