PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of China		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian									0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian									0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan									0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
							Monroecreekian								23.1 *
							Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian					Geringian								27.82
		Rupelian													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian													37
		Bartonian													37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1							60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1							61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Zechstein	Longtanian †				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	Rotliegendes					259.51
		Wordian	Midian						264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian						273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian						279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian	Autunian					283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian						286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian						298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian						303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian						307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian						323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian						330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian			358.9
							Middle Famennian			365.3 *
							Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian			372.2
							Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
							Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian			382.7
							Middle Givetian			383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani		433.4
		Telychian				Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Niuchehean				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Paibian					494
		Paibian						Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Drumian		Wangcunian †		Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian					Stage 5 †		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian					Stage 5 †		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Duyunian							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Nangaoian							Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian									530.7
															538.8