PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran								0
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian					0.0117
				Chibanian										Sheridanian					0.129
														Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
											Castlecliffian								0.34
				Calabrian															0.774
														Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
											Nukumaruan								1.63
				Gelasian							Nukumaruan								1.8
				Gelasian							Mangapanian								2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian								2.58
				Piacenzian							Waipipian								3
				Zanclean							Waipipian								3.6
											Opoitian								3.7
											Opoitian			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
			Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
				Messinian							Tongaporutuan								7.2
				Tortonian															7.246
														Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
										Southland	Waiauan								11.04
				Serravallian															11.63
														late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
											Lillburnian								13.05
				Langhian							Lillburnian								13.82
											Clifdenian								15.1
										Pareora	Altonian								15.9
				Burdigalian															15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
											Otaian								18.7
				Aquitanian							Otaian								20.44
				Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian								21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
															Monroecreekian				23.1 *
															Geringian				24.7 *
											Duntroonian								25.2
											Whaingaroan								27.3
				Rupelian															27.82
				Rupelian															29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
										Arnold	Runangan								34.6
											Kaiatan								36.7
																			37
				Bartonian															37.71
											Bortonian								39.1
														Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian															41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
											Heretaungan								45.7
														Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
				Ypresian															47.8
											Mangaorapan								48.9
											Mangaorapan			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
											Waipawan			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					52
											Waipawan					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
				Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
				Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
				Selandian												To3/To2/To1			60.9
				Danian												To3/To2/To1			61.6
				Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian								66
Campanian				72.1							Haumurian
Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
Coniacian						86.3
Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
Early Cretaceous			Albian		Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian		Korangan	113
			Aptian			117.5
			Barremian			121.4
			Hauterivian			125.77
			Valanginian			132.6
			Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian	259.51
			Wordian			Midian	264.28
			Wordian			Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian			Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	273.01
			Kungurian			Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian			Bolorian	283.5
			Artinskian			Yakhtashian	286
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian					305.9
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan		419.2
		Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian							Lockportian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian		433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
													440.7 *
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
			Tremadocian	477.7
			Tremadocian	Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian			489.5
													Aksaian			490.7 *
													Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian	Paibian												494
															Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
					Waergangian †/Youshuanian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †								Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian	Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian	Drumian									Mayan/Menevian			500.5
			Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian									Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian									Amgan/Solvan			509
													Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
													Botomian			512.5 *
			Stage 3	Nangaoian									Botomian			514
			Stage 3	Nangaoian									Atdabanian			515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian											Manykaian †	529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian										Manykaian †	530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian															Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian															Karatau	1000
		Stenian															Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian															Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian															Burzyan	1375
																			1400