PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Pamirs	Silurian of North America			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6									0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Calabrian														0.774
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Serravallian					Cenozoic 5									11.63
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4									23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Cenozoic 4									27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3									33.9
				Bartonian					Cenozoic 3									37.71
				Lutetian					Cenozoic 2									41.2
				Ypresian					Cenozoic 2									47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1									56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
				Campanian					Cretaceous 7					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
				Santonian					Cretaceous 6					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
				Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4					Late Albian				100.5
														Middle Albian				106.2 *
														Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian					Cretaceous 3					Late Aptian				113
				Aptian					Cretaceous 3					Early Aptian				119.5 *
				Barremian					Cretaceous 2					Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
				Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
				Valanginian					Cretaceous 1					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
				Berriasian										Late Berriasian				139.8
														Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
														Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
				Tithonian					Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
				Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
				Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
				Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
				Bathonian					Jurassic 4					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
				Bajocian										Late Bajocian				168.2
				Bajocian										Early Bajocian				168.6 *
				Aalenian					Jurassic 3					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian				174.7
														Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
														Early Toarcian				182.9 *
				Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
				Sinemurian					Jurassic 1					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
				Hettangian					Jurassic 1					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4									201.4
				Norian										Sevatian				208.5
														Alaunian				213.2 *
														Lacian				216.7 *
				Carnian					Triassic 3					Tuvalian				227
				Carnian					Triassic 3					Julian				233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian	251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			259.51
			Wordian	Midian			264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian			266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian	Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	Permian 2		273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean		Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			393.3
			Pragian		Devonian 1			407.6
			Lochkovian		Devonian 1			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan			Silurian 2	419.2
		Pridoli			Niagaran				422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan			Clinton			440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ordovician 5	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian							Ordovician 4	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian							Ordovician 2	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Ordovician 2	Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian							Ordovician 1	Xinchangian			477.7
			Tremadocian							Ordovician 1	Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Cambrian 5				485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Cambrian 4				497
			Drumian							Cambrian 4				500.5
			Wuliuan							Cambrian 3				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							Cambrian 3				509
		Series 2	Stage 3							Cambrian 2				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Cambrian 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							Cambrian 1				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635