PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	Devonian of Eastern North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †								2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian										Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian			Cretaceous 4		100.5
									Middle Albian					106.2 *
									Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian							Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian					139.8
									Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
									Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian				Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian						259.51
		Wordian	Midian						264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian				Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian				Permian 2		273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian						279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian						283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian						286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Asselian				Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf		Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian		Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian								Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian								Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †						Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian								Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †		Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3								Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1	529
														538.8