PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	Devonian of Germany	European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian			Ruscinian								Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean			Ruscinian								Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian			Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian			Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian			Astaracian								Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian			Astaracian								Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian			Orleanian								Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian			Agenian									20
		Aquitanian			Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian									Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
											Kawhia	Ohauan		150
												Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian										Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Toarcian									Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian										Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian										Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian										Warepan		208.5
												Otamitan		217
												Oretian		221
		Carnian										Oretian		227
		Carnian									Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian										Etalian		238
		Anisian										Etalian		242
		Anisian										Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian										Nelsonian		249
		Induan	251.2									Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Dorashamian		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		Dorashamian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
							Barettian	266
			Murgabian					266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian					273.01
			Kubergandian				Mangapirian	276
			Bolorian					279.8
		Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian		285
			Yakhtashian		Telfordian		286
			Yakhtashian				288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8