PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian			100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian			113
		Aptian									Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian			174.7
											Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
											Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian									Sevatian			208.5
											Alaunian			213.2 *
											Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian									Tuvalian			227
		Carnian									Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Longobardian			237
		Ladinian									Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian									Illyrian			242
											Pelsonian			243.8 *
											Bithynian			244.7 *
											Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian									Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan									Dienerian			251.2
		Induan									Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Buntsandstein										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Buntsandstein										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	Ohre/Aller										259.51
		Wordian	Midian	Leine										264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian	Leine										266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian											273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian											279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian											283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian											286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian	Asselian											293.52
		Asselian	Asselian					Kuzel						297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
						Westphalian C		309.8
						Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
						Westphalian A		317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
						Marsdenian		320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
						Alportian		322 *
						Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
						Arnsbergian		324 *
						Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian		382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian		410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Tremadocian		477.7
		Tremadocian		Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
				Aksaian									490.7 *
				Sakian									492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian	494
		Paibian	Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian							494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
			Toyonian							Dyeran		511 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3										514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
			Atdabanian							Montezuman		515.6 *
			Atdabanian							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †								529
														538.8