PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Pamirs	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Britain	Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Cenozoic 6	0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Calabrian														0.774
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Serravallian													Cenozoic 5	11.63
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Cenozoic 4	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					Cenozoic 4	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Cenozoic 3	33.9
				Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Cenozoic 3	37.71
				Lutetian													Cenozoic 2	41.2
				Ypresian								Bumbanian					Cenozoic 2	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan						Cenozoic 1	56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											Cretaceous 8	66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											Cretaceous 7	72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											Cretaceous 6	83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											Cretaceous 5	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian											Cretaceous 4	100.5
						Middle Albian												106.2 *
						Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian											Cretaceous 3	113
				Aptian		Early Aptian											Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian											Cretaceous 2	121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											Cretaceous 2	125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											Cretaceous 1	132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian												139.8
						Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
						Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										Jurassic 6	145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										Jurassic 6	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian											Jurassic 5	149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											Jurassic 4	165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras					168.2
						Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
						Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Jurassic 3	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
													Planulata					179.3 *
															Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
						Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
													Kanense					181.3 *
													Carlottense					182.3 *
						Early Toarcian							Carlottense					182.9 *
						Early Toarcian							Kunae					183.5 *
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Kunae				Jurassic 2	184.2
													Freboldi					185.1 *
													Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
					189.2 *									Tetraspidoceras
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis			190.3 *
				Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
Pseudaetomoceras									Psiloceras	196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian						208.5
				Alaunian						213.2 *
				Lacian						216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian					Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian					Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian						239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian						242
				Pelsonian						243.8 *
				Bithynian						244.7 *
				Aegean						245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian						251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian						251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian						Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian							254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian							259.51
			Wordian	Midian							264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian							266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian						Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian						Permian 2	273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian							279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian							283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian							286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian	Asselian						Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian							Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian							Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian							Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean							Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian							Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Devonian 5	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							Devonian 4	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Srbsko	Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Chotec	Devonian 3	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Daleje/Zlichovian	Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian							Pragian	Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1		433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill		Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian									Rawtheyan		445.2
												Cautleyan		448.9 *
												Pusgillian		449.3 *
										Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan			451.5 *
												Burrellian			452.7 *
			Sandbian										Ordovician 4		453
														Actonian †	453.2 *
														Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							Aurelucian			457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Ordovician 3		458.4
			Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *					Ordovician 3
			Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Ordovician 2		467.3
			Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian				470
						Whitlandian				471.1 *
						Moridunian				474.3 *
			Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian		Ordovician 1		477.7
					Tremadoc	Cressagian				480.8 *
										485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Cambrian 5		485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Cambrian 4		497
			Drumian					Cambrian 4		500.5
			Wuliuan					Cambrian 3		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Cambrian 3		509
Stage 3		Series 2	Cambrian 2					514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Cambrian 2					521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Poundian †					538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Wonokan †					571.7 *
																		635