PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Pamirs	Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cambrian of West Avalonia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs	Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean							0
				Meghalayan			Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							0.014
				Chibanian			Rancholabrean							0.129
							Irvingtonian							0.21
										Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian										0.774
							Blancan							1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan				3.6
										Montehermosan				3.7 *
							Hemphillian			Montehermosan				4.7
										Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
										Chasicoan				7.9 *
							Clarendonian			Chasicoan				9.4
										Mayoan				9.9 *
										Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian		Cenozoic 5								11.63
							Barstovian							12.5
										Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian				15.98
										Santacrucian				16.2 *
							Hemingfordian			Santacrucian				16.3
							Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
							Arikareean							18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4								23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
										Tinguirirican				28.9 *
							Whitneyan							29.5
							Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3	Chadronian							33.9
							Chadronian			Divisaderan				35.9 *
							Duchesnean							37
				Bartonian			Duchesnean							37.71
				Bartonian			Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian		Cenozoic 2								41.2
										Mustersan				41.9 *
							Bridgerian							46.2
				Ypresian										47.8
										Casamayoran				47.9 *
							Wasatchian							50.5
							Clarkforkian							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian			Riochican				56
							Tiffanian			Riochican				56.2
										Itaboraian				56.9 *
										Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Selandian			Torrejonian							60.9
				Danian										61.6
										Tiupampan				62.4 *
							Puercan			Tiupampan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8								66
Campanian				Cretaceous 7	72.1
Santonian				Cretaceous 6	83.6
Coniacian					86.3
Turonian					89.8
Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5	93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	Cretaceous 4	100.5
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3	113
			Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
			Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
			Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
			Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Jurassic 4	168.2
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian	Midian		264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian	Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian	Asselian	Permian 1	Bursumian †		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5	Virgilian		298.9
			Kasimovian			Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3	Chesterian		323.2
			Visean		Carboniferous 2	Chesterian		330.9
						Meramecian		335.8 *
						Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4	Frasnian			Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3	Couvinien			Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2				Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		Devonian 1				Siegen		407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien			Siegen		408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine			Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		443.8
			Katian		Ordovician 5		445.2
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5		Late Cambrian			485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4		Middle Cambrian			497
			Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan		Cambrian 3						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3		Branchian			Early Cambrian	509
			Stage 3		Cambrian 2		Branchian				514
			Stage 3				Placentian				517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400