PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Silurian of North America				Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mesozoic Subages
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian														11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian		113
		Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
														Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
														Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian												Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian												Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian												Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Late Toarcian		174.7
														Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
														Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian												Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian												Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian												Sevatian		208.5
														Alaunian		213.2 *
														Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian												Tuvalian		227
		Carnian												Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												Longobardian		237
		Ladinian												Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian												Illyrian		242
														Pelsonian		243.8 *
														Bithynian		244.7 *
														Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
					Surenian	Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel		298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian										438.5
			Alexandrian									438.7 *
											Raikkula	439.4 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	Delamaran	Branchian	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Montezuman	Placentian	517.1
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8