PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian													0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian													0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan													0.21
											Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian																0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian													1.4
											Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian						Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian									Waipipian							3
		Zanclean									Waipipian							3.6
											Opoitian							3.7
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													9.4
										Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian																11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian													12.5
											Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian							13.82
											Clifdenian							15.1
										Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												18.5
											Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian									Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
						Monroecreekian												23.1 *
						Geringian												24.7 *
											Duntroonian							25.2
											Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
		Rupelian																29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian													33.9
										Arnold	Runangan							34.6
											Kaiatan							36.7
																		37
		Bartonian																37.71
											Bortonian							39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian																41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
											Heretaungan							45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													46.2
		Ypresian																47.8
											Mangaorapan							48.9
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan							50.5
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan							52
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian							56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1											60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1											61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian	72.1								Haumurian
		Santonian	Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan				100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian		Korangan				113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian						Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
									Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian							Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian							Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian							Warepan	208.5
									Otamitan	217
									Oretian	221
		Carnian							Oretian	227
		Carnian				Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian						Etalian	238
		Anisian						Etalian	242
		Anisian						Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian	249
		Induan						Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville		Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai	251.902
										252.4 *
									Chhidru	252.9 *
								Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
								Puruhauan			254.2
									Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal				256 *
									Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian		Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian						264.28
												265.3 *
										Barettian		266
					Amb							266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Sokian	Kazanian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
						Irenian/Ufimian			Mangapirian	276
						Filipovian				276.5 *
						Saraninian				280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian				283.5
						Sarginian			Telfordian	285
						Irginian				285.9 *
						Burtsevian				287.8 *
						Burtsevian				288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian				290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian				291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian				Bursumian †		293.52
						Uskalykian						294.8
				Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian	Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian			323.2
		Visean	Chesterian			330.9
			Meramecian			335.8 *
			Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
													Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
													Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
														Steptoean	493 *
													Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian		Albertian †	St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian	500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan	Stage 5 †					504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran	Stage 5 †					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	Caerfai				509
		Stage 4								Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran						514
							Montezuman			514.8 *
							Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
																		538.8