PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian											11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
					Hemingfordian											16.3
					Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian											47.8
					Wasatchian											50.5
					Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian			Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian			113
		Aptian											Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			Late Bajocian	168.2
						Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
						Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
							Late Toarcian	180.1
							Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian	182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian					Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian	227
		Carnian					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian		Midian			259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian		Midian			264.28
		Wordian					Urzhumian		Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian					Kazanian			Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian			Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian		273.01
									Filipovian	Kubergandian		276.5 *
									Filipovian	Bolorian		279.8
					Saraninian				280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Irginian		Yakhtashian	286
							Burtsevian		Yakhtashian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		Sakmarian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Tastubian		Sakmarian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian		Shikhanian		Asselian	293.52
							Uskalykian			294.8
							Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien						408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle						Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle						Bringewood/Elton			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4				Buildwas
		Homerian		Wych		Woolhope				428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8	Cowleigh Park
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean						Taoyuanian †			485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian		Paibian									494
		Paibian		Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian						Wangcunian †			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Drumian						Wangcunian †				500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian							Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian										509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian				530.7
																538.8