PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean																	0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean																	0.0004
		Northgrippian																				0.0042
		Greenlandian																				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean																	0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean																	0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian																	0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian																	0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan																	1.4
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean																				3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian																	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian																	9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian																	11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian																	12.5
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian																				15.98
					Hemingfordian																	16.3
					Arikareean																	18.5
		Aquitanian																				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																				23.03
		Rupelian																				27.82
					Whitneyan																	29.5
					Orellan																	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian																	33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean																	37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean																	37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan																	39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan																	41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian																	46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian																	47.8
					Wasatchian																	50.5
					Clarkforkian																	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian																	56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian																	56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian																	59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian																	60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian																	61.6
		Danian			Puercan																	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan									150
													Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Callovian											Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian																				168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan			254.2
				Puruhauan			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian	Aparima		Flettian			259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian			Flettian			264.28
		Wordian	Urzhumian			Barettian			266
		Roadian	Kazanian				Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian				Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian		276
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian				Sarginian		283.5
						Telfordian	Sarginian		285
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
							Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian				Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian				Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian			Gamachian			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Richmondian			Kralodvorian		446 *
										Richmondian			Berounian		449.7 *
										Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian						450.4 *
							Mohawkian			Chatfieldian						451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian						453
										Turinian						453.7 *
										Turinian						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Whiterockian								Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
														Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian																	458.4
													Dobrotivian						458.5 *
													Oretanian						459.7 *
														Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian												Klabava †					467.3
													Arenigian						468
										Rangerian									469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †								Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean											473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean					Tremadocian						477.7
								Stairsian											480.3 *
								Skullrockian										Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian											485.4
		Stage 10																	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	489.5
		Paibian																	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian																	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian																		500.5
		Wuliuan																		Stage 5 †	504.5
																						509