PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Russian Platform		European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian			MN 17												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16												2.58
				Piacenzian			MN 15												3.2
				Zanclean			MN 15												3.6
							MN 14												4.2
							MN 13												4.9
			Miocene	Messinian			MN 13												5.333
				Tortonian			MN 12												7.246
							MN 11												7.75
							MN 10												8.7
							MN 9												9.7
							MN 7 + 8												11.1
				Serravallian			MN 7 + 8												11.63
				Serravallian			MN 6												12.8 *
				Langhian			MN 5												13.82
				Burdigalian			MN 4												15.98
							MN 3												16.9
							MN 2												20
				Aquitanian			MN 2												20.44
				Aquitanian			MN 1												22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian		100.5
																	Middle Albian		106.2 *
																	Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian													Late Aptian		113
				Aptian													Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian													Late Berriasian		139.8
																	Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																	Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian													Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian													Late Bajocian		168.2
				Bajocian													Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian													Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Late Toarcian		174.7
																	Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																	Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian													Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian													Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian													Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
Norian				Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	Zechstein		254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
							Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian		Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian			Urzhumian			264.28
									265.3 *
					Amb				266.1 *
			Roadian		Amb	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian		Sokian	Kazanian			270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
						Filipovian			276.5 *
						Saraninian			280.1 *
			Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian		Autunian	283.5
						Irginian			285.9 *
						Burtsevian			287.8 *
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
			Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian										Pirgu	445.2
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
												Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	453
													Haljala		453.9
													Kukruse		456.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku		458.4
													Lasnamagi		458.9 *
													Aseri		460.4 *
												Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *									Kunda
				Volkhov									Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Volkhov										467.3
			Dapingian	Billingen										469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
Latorp †														470.1 *
				Hunneberg										473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Hunneberg										477.7
				Varangu										481.3 *
				Pakerort										482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Pakerort										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
																486.3 *
												486.5
												Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids											497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai											509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †		Poundian †								538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †		Wonokan †								571.7 *
																			635