PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene						Sheridanian						0.129
													Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
						Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene												0.774
													Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
						Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian	Late Pliocene												2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian	Late Pliocene												3
		Zanclean				Waipipian	Early Pliocene												3.6
						Opoitian													3.7
						Opoitian							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene												5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian																	7.246
													Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
					Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene												11.63
													late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
						Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian													13.82
						Clifdenian													15.1
					Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene												15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
						Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
														Monroecreekian					23.1 *
														Geringian					24.7 *
						Duntroonian													25.2
						Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene									Kekeamuan			27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene									Kekeamuan			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
					Arnold	Runangan													34.6
						Kaiatan													36.7
																			37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
						Bortonian													39.1
													Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
						Heretaungan													45.7
													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene										Bumbanian		47.8
						Mangaorapan													48.9
						Mangaorapan							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
						Waipawan							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						52
						Waipawan									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian	Late Paleocene								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan			56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan			56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene								To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene								To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian												Senonian	66
		Campanian	72.1			Haumurian
		Santonian	Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
				Mangaotanean	90.5
				Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras		168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
						Planulata		179.3 *
						Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Kanense			181.3 *
						Carlottense			182.3 *
						Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae			184.2
						Freboldi			185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian								192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
		Wuchiapingian								254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Severodvinian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian									Urzhumian	Wordian		264.28
		Roadian								Kazanian	Povolzhian	Roadian		266.9
		Roadian								Kazanian	Sokian	Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
											Filipovian			276.5 *
											Saraninian			280.1 *
											Saraninian		Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
											Irginian			285.9 *
											Irginian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
							Burtsevian				287.8 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian			Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian			Shikhanian	Nealian		293.52
										Uskalykian			294.8
										Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian											315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian											323.2
		Visean											330.9
		Tournaisian											346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian											358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian											372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																			538.8