PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127456 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of China		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran													0
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Sheridanian				0.0117
				Chibanian													Sheridanian				0.129
																	Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
								Castlecliffian													0.34
				Calabrian																	0.774
																	Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
								Nukumaruan													1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan													1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian													2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian													2.58
				Piacenzian				Waipipian													3
				Zanclean				Waipipian													3.6
								Opoitian													3.7
								Opoitian									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan													7.2
				Tortonian																	7.246
																	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
							Southland	Waiauan													11.04
				Serravallian																	11.63
																	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
								Lillburnian													13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian													13.82
								Clifdenian													15.1
							Pareora	Altonian													15.9
				Burdigalian																	15.98
																	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
																	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
								Otaian													18.7
				Aquitanian				Otaian													20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian													21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
																		Monroecreekian			23.1 *
																		Geringian			24.7 *
								Duntroonian													25.2
								Whaingaroan													27.3
				Rupelian																	27.82
				Rupelian																	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian													Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
							Arnold	Runangan													34.6
								Kaiatan													36.7
																					37
				Bartonian																	37.71
								Bortonian													39.1
																	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian																	41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
								Heretaungan													45.7
																	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
				Ypresian																	47.8
								Mangaorapan													48.9
								Mangaorapan									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
								Waipawan									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				52
								Waipawan											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
				Thanetian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
				Selandian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
				Selandian															To3/To2/To1		60.9
				Danian															To3/To2/To1		61.6
				Danian															Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian													66
Campanian				72.1				Haumurian
Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
Coniacian						86.3
Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
Early Cretaceous			Albian		Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian		Korangan	113
			Aptian			117.5
			Barremian			121.4
			Hauterivian			125.77
			Valanginian			132.6
			Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
			Wuchiapingian			254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Filipovian	276.5 *
							Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian					Gamachian	443.8
			Katian							Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
				Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
			Sandbian		Chatfieldian					453
					Turinian					453.7 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian		Rangerian							469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian		Tulean								473.9 *
			Tremadocian		Tulean								477.7
					Stairsian								480.3 *
					Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
												Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Stage 10										Niuchehean					487.5
			Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian					489.5
															Aksaian			490.7 *
															Sakian			492.2 *
Paibian			Paibian										494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Guzhangian										Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian											Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	Drumian											Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian											Amgan/Solvan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Duyunian											Amgan/Solvan			509
														Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
														Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian											Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian											Atdabanian			515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian											Tommotian			521
		Stage 2												Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian													Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian												Manykaian †		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																	Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian				720
		Tonian				Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau	1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan	1375
																					1400