PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
																		Irvingtonian	0.21
						Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian																	0.774
																		Blancan	1.4
						Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian													2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian													3
		Zanclean				Waipipian													3.6
						Opoitian													3.7
						Opoitian												Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian																	7.246
																		Clarendonian	9.4
					Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian																	11.63
																		Barstovian	12.5
						Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian													13.82
						Clifdenian													15.1
					Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
						Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian													23.03
						Duntroonian													25.2
						Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian																	27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																Chadronian	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan													34.6
						Kaiatan													36.7
																		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																	37.71
						Bortonian													39.1
																		Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
						Heretaungan													45.7
																		Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
						Mangaorapan													48.9
						Mangaorapan												Wasatchian	50.5
						Waipawan												Wasatchian	52
						Waipawan												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian												Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	Roadian	266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
							Filipovian			276.5 *
							Saraninian			280.1 *
							Saraninian		Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
							Irginian			285.9 *
							Irginian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
							Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian		Nealian	293.52
							Uskalykian			294.8
							Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian					393.3
		Pragian			Siegen					407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian								Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju							Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
			Pusgillian										449.3 *
			Vormsi								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
			Nabala											Johvi †	450 *
			Viru	Rakvere											450.6 *
				Rakvere								Cheneyan			451.5 *
				Oandu								Cheneyan			452 *
				Oandu								Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian		Keila										Idavere †	453
				Keila									Actonian †		453.2 *
				Haljala									Actonian †		453.9
													Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Kukruse												456.4 *
												Aurelucian				456.8 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
				Uhaku									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
				Lasnamagi												458.9 *
				Aseri												460.4 *
				Aseri								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
			Oeland	Kunda												462.9 *
				Kunda										Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
				Volkhov												Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian															467.3
											Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
				Billingen													469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian															470
														Latorp †			470.1 *
												Whitlandian					471.1 *
				Hunneberg								Whitlandian					473.7 *
												Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian									Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
												Cressagian					480.8 *
				Varangu													481.3 *
				Pakerort													482.2 *
																	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10															Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																		486.3 *
						486.5
						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran		514
						Montezuman		514.8 *
						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																			538.8