PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene				Sheridanian				0.129
									Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
							Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene								0.774
									Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan						3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
							Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
							Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian										Pannonian	7.246
							Chasicoan						7.9 *
							Chasicoan		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene							Sarmatian	11.63
									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian	12.5
												Badenian	12.8 *
							Colloncuran					Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian					Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene		Friasian						15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
							Santacrucian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
							Colhuehuapian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				17.4 *
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene								23.03
										Monroecreekian			23.1 *
										Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene								27.82
							Tinguirirican						28.9 *
													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
							Divisaderan		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				35.9 *
													37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene								37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
							Mustersan						41.9 *
									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene								47.8
							Casamayoran						47.9 *
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Riochican				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
							Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
							Itaboraian						56.9 *
							Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene								61.6
							Tiupampan						62.4 *
							Tiupampan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian							66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic	100.5
		Aptian		113
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Tatarian		Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian		Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
													298.9