PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
							Hemingfordian							16.3
							Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
							Whitneyan							29.5
							Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian							47.8
							Wasatchian							50.5
							Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian					Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian		Midian	264.28
		Wordian	Urzhumian		Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Kubergandian	273.01
				Filipovian	Kubergandian	276.5 *
				Filipovian	Bolorian	279.8
				Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
				Irginian		285.9 *
				Irginian	Yakhtashian	286
				Burtsevian	Yakhtashian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	Sakmarian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Asselian	Bursumian †		293.52
				Uskalykian				294.8
				Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian						Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian						Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani			433.4
		Telychian						Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									St Davids		497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8