PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian												Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												Early Pliocene						3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian												Late Miocene						7.246
		Serravallian												Middle Miocene						11.63
		Langhian												Middle Miocene						13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene						15.98
		Aquitanian												Early Miocene						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Early Oligocene				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene				MP 16		37.71
		Lutetian												Middle Eocene				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
		Ypresian												Early Eocene				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene				MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																		208.5
		Carnian																		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian												251.902
		Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian												254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Tatarian	Vyatkian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian												256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Midian												259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Midian												264.28
		Wordian		Urzhumian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Murgabian												266.2 *
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian													266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian													270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian				Kubergandian												273.01
				Filipovian				Kubergandian												276.5 *
				Filipovian				Bolorian												279.8
				Saraninian																280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian																283.5
				Irginian	285.9 *
				Irginian	Yakhtashian	286
				Burtsevian	Yakhtashian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	Sakmarian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Asselian	293.52
				Uskalykian		294.8
				Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean				Middle Mississippian		Shangsian	330.9
		Visean				Middle Mississippian		Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian		Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian							Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian							Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																489.5
														Aksaian				490.7 *
														Sakian				492.2 *
																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																494
		Paibian														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian		Albertian †					Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian												Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian												Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan							Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran										506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Waucoban †								509
														Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
							Dyeran							Toyonian			511 *
														Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3															514
							Montezuman										514.8 *
							Montezuman							Atdabanian			515.6 *
							Begadean							Atdabanian			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
																				538.8