PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of China		Permian of Western Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Chibanian										0.129
				Calabrian										0.774
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Serravallian										11.63
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Ypresian										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
				Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
				Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
				Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian				100.5
										Middle Albian				106.2 *
										Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian						Late Aptian				113
				Aptian						Early Aptian				119.5 *
				Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
				Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
				Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
				Berriasian						Late Berriasian				139.8
										Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
										Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
				Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
				Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
				Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
				Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
				Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
				Bajocian						Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
										Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
										Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
				Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
										Late Toarcian				180.1
										Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
										Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
										Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
				Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
				Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian						Sevatian				208.5
										Alaunian				213.2 *
Lacian					216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
			Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian		Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian		Urzhumian			264.28
			Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian					Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian						Paibian		494
			Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian						Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Duyunian	509
Series 2		Stage 3	Nangaoian	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian	521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian	529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian	530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian									2050
		Siderian									2300
Archean	Neoarchean										2500
	Mesoarchean										2800
	Paleoarchean										3200
	Eoarchean				3600
Hadean					4000
														4600