PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of China		Permian of Western Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian					100.5
								Middle Albian					106.2 *
								Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian					113
		Aptian						Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian					139.8
								Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
								Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
								Late Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
								Early Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
								Late Toarcian					180.1
								Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
								Middle Toarcian			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
								Early Toarcian			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian						Sevatian					208.5
								Alaunian					213.2 *
								Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian					227
		Carnian						Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian					237
		Ladinian						Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian					242
								Pelsonian					243.8 *
								Bithynian					244.7 *
								Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian						Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan						Dienerian					251.2
		Induan						Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
		Wuchiapingian					Zechstein						254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Tatarian	Vyatkian			Zechstein						256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian			Rotliegendes						259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian									264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian									266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian									273.01
				Filipovian									276.5 *
				Saraninian									280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian			Autunian						283.5
				Irginian	285.9 *
				Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
				Uskalykian	294.8
				Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian					Paibian			494
		Paibian					Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian					Drumian		Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian	521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian	529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian	530.7
													538.8