PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127760 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of China			Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America						Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian																	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Ypresian																		Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	Gashatan		56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian											Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian											Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian											Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
													Planulata								179.3 *
													Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
													Kanense								181.3 *
													Carlottense								182.3 *
													Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian											Kunae								184.2
													Freboldi								185.1 *
													Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
														Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
													Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian																			192.9
													Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
													Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian											Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																			208.5
		Carnian																			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										Vokhmian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										Vokhmian									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																			251.902
		Wuchiapingian										Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian									254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Tatarian	Vyatkian								Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian									256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian								Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian									259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian								Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian									264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian								Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian								Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian																	273.01
				Filipovian																	276.5 *
				Saraninian																	280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian																	283.5
				Irginian																	285.9 *
				Burtsevian																	287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
				Uskalykian	294.8
				Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
							Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
							Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Raikkula		439.4 *
							Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian										Gamachian	445.2
							Chientangkiangian										Richmondian	446 *
							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5			Richmondian
														Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
													Edenian	450.4 *
													Mohawkian	Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian												Chatfieldian	453
														Turinian	453.7 *
													Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo								458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo							466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian					Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Yiyangian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian											477.7
										Lianghekou †								477.9 *
														Stairsian				480.3 *
												Skullrockian		Demingian †			482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Skullrockian					485.4
																					487.5