PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127356 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Russian Platform		Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Sheridanian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian											Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian											Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
				Zanclean															3.6
				Zanclean											Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian											Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
															Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
															late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
																Monroecreekian			23.1 *
																Geringian			24.7 *
				Rupelian												Geringian			27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian											Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian														Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian														Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
															Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
																	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian													To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian													To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian													Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian												100.5
							Middle Albian												106.2 *
							Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian												113
				Aptian			Early Aptian												119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian												139.8
							Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
							Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
				Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
				Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Late Toarcian				180.1
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
				Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian	Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian				227
			Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
			Wuchiapingian					254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian						Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
									Filipovian	276.5 *
									Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
									Irginian	285.9 *
									Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
									Uskalykian	294.8
									Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian							Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian								305.9
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
			Pragian								407.6
			Lochkovian								410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju		Porkuni				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian				Pirgu					Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Vormsi				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
					Viru		Rakvere								450.6 *
						Cheneyan	Rakvere					451.5 *
						Cheneyan	Oandu					452 *
						Burrellian	Oandu					452.7 *
			Sandbian				Keila					Idavere †		453
							Keila						Actonian †	453.2 *
							Haljala						Actonian †	453.9
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Kukruse								456.4 *
						Aurelucian									456.8 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
							Uhaku					Aluoja †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Uhaku				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
							Lasnamagi								458.9 *
							Aseri								460.4 *
							Aseri				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
Oeland				Kunda	462.9 *
				Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
				Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka					467.1 *
			Dapingian									467.3
						Arenig					Fennian	468.4 *
				Billingen								469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
					Latorp †							470.1 *
											Whitlandian	471.1 *
				Hunneberg							Whitlandian	473.7 *
											Moridunian	474.3 *
			Tremadocian			Tremadoc					Migneintian	477.7
											Cressagian	480.8 *
				Varangu								481.3 *
				Pakerort								482.2 *
												485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
												486.3 *
								486.5
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †		Poundian †			538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †		Wonokan †			571.7 *
																			635