PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean														Yushean	3.6
		Zanclean														Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian														Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian														Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian														Shanwangian	15.98
		Burdigalian														Xiejiaan	16.9
		Aquitanian														Xiejiaan	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Kimmeridgian						Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan								150
									Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta												174.7
					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Herangi	Ururoan								176
					Planulata												179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
					Kanense												181.3 *
					Carlottense												182.3 *
					Kunae												183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae												184.2
					Freboldi												185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras											186.2 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Aratauran								188.9
																	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis											190.3 *
		Sinemurian															192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras										196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites												196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian			Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan			DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
							Puruhauan			254.2
							Puruhauan			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian		Aparima	Flettian	Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian			Flettian				264.28
		Wordian			Urzhumian			Barettian				266
		Roadian			Kazanian					Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian					Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian					Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
								Mangapirian		Irenian/Ufimian		276
										Filipovian		276.5 *
										Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian				Sarginian	Autunian		283.5
								Telfordian	Sarginian			285
									Irginian			285.9 *
									Burtsevian			287.8 *
									Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian				Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian				Shikhanian			293.52
									Uskalykian			294.8
									Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli											Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian										Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian										Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian										Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian										Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian										Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian										Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere						434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere						438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni								443.8
		Katian		Pirgu								445.2
				Vormsi								449.6 *
				Nabala								Johvi †	450 *
			Viru	Rakvere									450.6 *
				Oandu									452 *
		Sandbian		Keila								Idavere †	453
				Haljala									453.9
				Kukruse									456.4 *
				Uhaku								Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku									458.4
				Lasnamagi									458.9 *
				Aseri									460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda									462.9 *
				Kunda								Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov									Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov							467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
				Hunneberg									473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg									477.7
				Varangu									481.3 *
				Pakerort									482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort									485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †					504.5
																	509