PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Czechoslovakia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian		0.0117
				Chibanian													Ionian		0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian															11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian														100.5
					Middle Albian														106.2 *
					Early Albian														109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian														113
				Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
					Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
					Early Berriasian														142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian														168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian														168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian														174.7
					Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
					Early Toarcian														182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian	Sevatian														208.5
					Alaunian														213.2 *
					Lacian														216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian														227
				Carnian	Julian														233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian														237
				Ladinian	Fassanian														239.7 *
				Anisian	Illyrian														242
Pelsonian					243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai			251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai			251.902
								252.4 *
					Chhidru			252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian		Chhidru			Longtanian †	254.14
					Kalabagh				255 *
					Wargal				256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
									265.3 *
					Amb				266.1 *
			Roadian		Amb				266.9
			Roadian						270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				Bursumian †		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian		298.9
			Gzhelian				Virgilian		Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian				Missourian		Xiaodushanian	303.7
							Missourian		Dalaun	305.8 *
							Desmoinesian			305.9 *
			Moscovian				Desmoinesian			307
			Moscovian				Atokan			312.7 *
			Bashkirian				Atokan			315.2
							Morrowan			318.4 *
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian		Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian						Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean						Shangsian	330.9
									Jiusian	335 *
							Meramecian			335.8 *
							Osagean			343.1 *
			Tournaisian				Osagean		Tangbagouan	346.7
			Tournaisian				Kinderhookian		Tangbagouan	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian				393.3
			Pragian			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian								Pirgu	445.2
											Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
											Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
											Haljala		453.9
											Kukruse		456.4 *
											Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
											Lasnamagi		458.9 *
											Aseri		460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *							Kunda
				Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Volkhov								467.3
			Dapingian	Billingen								469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
Latorp †												470.1 *
				Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Hunneberg				477.7
				Varangu				481.3 *
				Pakerort				482.2 *
								Mansian †				483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian			Tavgian †				Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
					Aksaian								490.7 *
					Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †			Ayusokkanian						497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian						499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †						Amgan/Solvan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Amgan/Solvan	509
												Toyonian		Lenian †	510 *
												Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3										Botomian			514
		Stage 3										Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Tommotian			521
		Stage 2										Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian										Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																			635