PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127731 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene	0.129
					Irvingtonian								0.21
							Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
					Blancan								1.4
							Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian					Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian					Late Pliocene	3
		Zanclean					Waipipian					Early Pliocene	3.6
							Opoitian						3.7
					Hemphillian		Opoitian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean					Late Miocene	5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian						Pannonian					7.246
					Clarendonian								9.4
						Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian						Sarmatian				Middle Miocene	11.63
					Barstovian			Sarmatian					12.5
								Badenian					12.8 *
							Lillburnian	Badenian					13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian						13.82
							Clifdenian						15.1
						Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
					Hemingfordian								16.3
					Arikareean								18.5
							Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		Late Oligocene	23.03
							Duntroonian						25.2
							Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian							MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			Early Oligocene	27.82
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Late Eocene	33.9
						Arnold	Runangan						34.6
							Kaiatan						36.7
					Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian							MP 16			Middle Eocene	37.71
							Bortonian						39.1
					Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian							MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
							Heretaungan						45.7
					Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian							MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			Early Eocene	47.8
							Mangaorapan						48.9
					Wasatchian		Mangaorapan						50.5
					Wasatchian		Waipawan						52
					Clarkforkian		Waipawan						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian		Teurian		MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian				MP 6			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian							Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian							Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian							Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Puercan	63.8								Early Paleocene
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
						Mangaotanean					90.5
						Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan					93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
						Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Motuan					100.5
			Late Albian			Urutawan					103.3
			Middle Albian			Urutawan					106.2 *
			Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan					108.4
			Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian								113
			Late Aptian								117.5
			Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian								139.8
			Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
			Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian		Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
				Huashibanian			318.5 *
				Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian			330.9
		Visean		Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	443.8
		Katian			Bolindian	445.2
					Eastonian	449 *
					Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian			Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian	470
					Bendigonian	471.8 *
					Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Lancefieldian	477.7
					Warendian	482.8 *
					Warendian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian			489.5
						Aksaian			490.7 *
						Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian							494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Amgan/Solvan			509
						Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
						Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	514			Botomian
		Stage 3	Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian				521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †	529
													538.8