PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian Subages of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian								Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian											Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian											Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian											Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian											Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean					Tertiary †			Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian											Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean											Chapadmalalan				3.6
													Montehermosan				3.7 *
					Baodean								Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian											7.246
													Chasicoan				7.9 *
													Mayoan				9.9 *
													Laventan				10.9 *
					Tunggurian												11.1
		Serravallian				Sarmatian											11.63
						Badenian											12.8 *
						Badenian							Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian			Shanwangian								Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian											Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian											Friasian				15.98
													Santacrucian				16.2 *
					Xiejiaan								Santacrucian				16.9
													Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian											Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian											Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian											Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian											Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian											Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Lutetian											Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian											Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian											Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Riochican				56
													Itaboraian				56.9 *
													Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian											Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian														100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian				Kawhia	Ohauan	150
			Early Kimmeridgian					Ohauan	152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
			Late Bajocian								Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian								Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	174.7
							Herangi	Ururoan			Thouarsense	176
												180.1
			Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
			Early Toarcian						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Aratauran	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227			Oretian
			Tuvalian		Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Longobardian				Etalian	238
			Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
			Aegean				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Smithian					248.9 *
			Smithian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Griesbachian					251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Leine				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Leine				Barettian	266
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Kungurian							Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian							Mangapirian	283.5
									Telfordian	285
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian						393.3
		Pragian		Siegen						407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †				497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †			504.5
																	509