PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Central Paratethys Stages	Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of North America					Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian			Pannonian											7.246
		Serravallian			Sarmatian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
		Serravallian			Badenian											12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3										33.9
		Bartonian				Cenozoic 3										37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Ypresian				Cenozoic 2										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1										56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Cretaceous 4										100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3										113
		Aptian	Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3										119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
			Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
			Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6										145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5										149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4										165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian													174.7
			Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
			Early Toarcian													182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2										184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1										192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian	Sevatian													208.5
			Alaunian													213.2 *
			Lacian													216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Triassic 3										227
		Carnian	Julian			Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		440.8			Raikkula
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Bolindian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian			Pirgu	445.2
							Richmondian				446 *
								Eastonian			449 *
										Vormsi	449.6 *
							Maysvillian			Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Maysvillian			Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
							Edenian			Nabala			450.4 *
							Edenian		Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
					Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			Rakvere			451.1 *
								Gisbornian		Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4						Keila		Idavere †	453
							Turinian			Keila			453.7 *
										Haljala			453.9
										Kukruse			456.4 *
					Whiterockian					Kukruse	Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				Darriwilian		Uhaku				458.4
										Lasnamagi				458.9 *
										Aseri				460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
										Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2				Yapeenian							467.3
								Castlemainian							468.5 *
			Rangerian				469.1 *
			Rangerian				Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †			Chewtonian		470
												Latorp †	Chewtonian		470.1 *
													Bendigonian		471.8 *
													Lancefieldian		473.5 *
							Hunneberg								473.7 *
					Tulean										473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Tulean										477.7
					Stairsian										480.3 *
					Stairsian		Varangu								481.3 *
					Skullrockian	Demingian †	Varangu			482 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
										Warendian			482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5									485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
													487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4									497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3									509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1									529
																538.8